Advances in dairy Research
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Various Aspects of Milk: Health Benefits, Ethical Complications and Environmental Concerns

Weicang Jing^{* *}Correspondence: Weicang Jing, Department of Dairy Research, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China, Email:

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Milk is often referred to as one of nature's most complete foods. For centuries, it has been a important part of the human diet, supplying essential nutrients such as calcium, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Whether consumed as a drink, added to recipes, or transformed into cheese, yogurt, or butter, milk holds a significant place in many cultures and cuisines around the world. However, despite its ubiquity, milk has become a subject of much debate in recent years. From health concerns to environmental impact and ethical considerations, milk is no longer just a simple dietary staple but a multifaceted topic that warrants a deeper look. Milk is a high-quality protein source, containing all nine essential amino acids. This makes it a valuable option for muscle growth, repair, and overall bodily functions. One of milk’s most celebrated nutrients, calcium is important for bone health and plays a role in nerve transmission, blood clotting, and muscle function. A cup of milk typically contains 30% of the recommended daily intake of calcium. Vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium, is often added to milk, making it an important source of this essential vitamin. Vitamin B12 is vital for nerve function and red blood cell formation. Milk comes in various forms, catering to different dietary needs and preferences. The most common variety is cow’s milk, but other animal-based milks, such as goat and sheep milk, are also consumed in various parts of the world. In addition to animal-based milk, plant-based milk alternatives have seen a surge in popularity. Almond, soy, oat, rice, and coconut milk are now widely available, providing options for people who are lactose intolerant, vegan, or prefer non-dairy alternatives for other reasons. One of the most prominent issues surrounding milk consumption is lactose intolerance. Lactose is the sugar found in milk, and some people have difficulty digesting it due to insufficient amounts of lactase, the enzyme that breaks it down. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include bloating, gas, and diarrhea after consuming dairy products. Lactose intolerance is more common in certain populations, particularly among East Asian, African, and Native American people. In these populations, lactose intolerance rates can be as high as 90%. In contrast, people of Northern European descent are more likely to have lactase persistence, allowing them to digest milk without issue. To cater to individuals with lactose intolerance, lactose-free milk is now widely available. Advocates for animal rights and welfare have raised concerns about the exploitation of animals for milk production, leading to the rise of veganism and the popularity of plant-based milk alternatives. In addition to ethical concerns, the environmental impact of milk production is significant. The dairy industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane, which is released by cows during digestion. This practice has been particularly common in the United States, where vitamin D deficiency can lead to conditions like rickets, a bone disease in children. Fortifying milk with vitamin D has helped reduce the incidence of rickets and other related health issues. However, there is an ongoing debate about the health benefits of milk. Some health experts question whether milk is as essential as once believed, especially for adults. While it provides important nutrients, alternatives like leafy greens, fortified plant-based milks, and fish provide many of the same benefits. Additionally, concerns about milk’s potential link to acne, inflammation, and increased risk of certain cancers have surfaced in recent years, although the evidence remains inconclusive. Milk is a nutrient food that has been a staple of human diets for centuries. It provides essential vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, vitamin D, and protein, making it a key player in supporting bone health and overall well-being. However, as dietary preferences evolve and concerns about ethics and environmental sustainability grow, people are increasingly exploring alternatives, both animal-based and plant-based.